Environmental Pollution-
Human is one of the species that inhabit the earth that has interfered with various natural processes for use of both biological & physical resources to meet their multiple demands, human has polluted all three realms of the earth's lithosphere, hydrosphere & atmosphere.it is essential for us to know about the environment & its pollution.Pollution is a negative/undesirable change in the environment, which is usually the addition of something hazardous or detrimental. Generally, degradable or non - persistent pollutants, such as domestic sewage, discarded vegetables are broken down by natural processes. Some persistent or non-biodegradable pollutants do not get destroyed and are our source of worry. The different types of pollution, such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, and radiation pollution.
Air-Pollution-
Air pollution is the addition of gases, chemicals, and particle matter into the atmosphere. Air pollution primarily comes from burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, petroleum, and coal.Types of Air Pollution
1. Primary Pollutants:
Primary Pollutants are the ones that consist of materials such as dust, gases, liquids, and other solid material that enter the atmosphere through natural and human-made activities. The main pollutants are carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides.
2. Secondary Pollutant: consist of primary pollutants which reacted
with each other and makes our air polluted. In megacities, the emissions from the road car and industries combine themselves and make photochemical smoge with the help of light energy from the sun. Also indoor pollutants have been identified some of the more common indoor air pollutants include smoke from cigarettes and cooking, asbestos etc. At high concentrations, these pollutants can cause dizziness. Headaches, coughing. Sneezing.
Nausea, burning eyes, chronic fatigue-like symptoms.
Some indoor pollutants, like asbestos and smoke, can cause disease and premature death
2. We must use clean wheels in cars and other automobiles
3. We have to use non-pollutant energy like solar energy, wind power, and hydro prior
4. We have to control the population growth of the world
5. Encourage mass transit and less polluting forms of transportation (e. g. switch from air
travel to rail travel).
the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of
more than 14,000 people daily.
2. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children
die of diarrhea sickness every day.
3. Some 90% of China’s cities suffer from some degree of water pollution, and nearly 500
million people lack access to safe drinking water.
4. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, industrialized
countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well.
Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater
pollution is not as easily classiffied as surface water pollution.
Inorganic water pollutants include:
1. Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially sulphur dioxide from power plants)
2. Ammonia from food processing waste
3. Chemical waste as industrial by-products
4. Fertilizers containing nutrients–nitrates and phosphates,which are found in storm water
run off from agriculture, as well as commercial and residential use.
5. Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urban storm water runo ) and acid mine drainage
6. Silt (sediment) in runo from construction sites, logging, slash and burn practices or land
clearing sites
7. Macroscopic pollution—large visible items polluting the water, may be termed “ oatables"
in an urban storm water context, or marine debris when found on the open seas, and can
include such items as:
8. Trash: (e.g. paper, plastic, or food waste) discarded by people on the ground, and that are
washed by rainfall into storm drains and eventually discharged into surface waters.
9. Nurdles: small ubiquitous waterborne plastic pellets.
10. Shipwrecks: large derelict ships.
Purification of water
Purification of water involves physical, biological, and chemical processes such as:
1. Filtration
2. Sedimentation
3. Chlorination
4. Slow sand Filters
5. Activated Sludge
6. Flocculation
with each other and makes our air polluted. In megacities, the emissions from the road car and industries combine themselves and make photochemical smoge with the help of light energy from the sun. Also indoor pollutants have been identified some of the more common indoor air pollutants include smoke from cigarettes and cooking, asbestos etc. At high concentrations, these pollutants can cause dizziness. Headaches, coughing. Sneezing.
Nausea, burning eyes, chronic fatigue-like symptoms.
Some indoor pollutants, like asbestos and smoke, can cause disease and premature death
Controlling Air Pollution
1. Rather than controlling air pollution, we should prevent the pollution2. We must use clean wheels in cars and other automobiles
3. We have to use non-pollutant energy like solar energy, wind power, and hydro prior
4. We have to control the population growth of the world
5. Encourage mass transit and less polluting forms of transportation (e. g. switch from air
travel to rail travel).
Water Pollution:-
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances are released into the water in large quantities which cause damage to people, wildlife, or habitat or indirectly into water bodies .Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in the bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species and also to the biological communities. Water pollution sources Chemical & other contaminants are basic sources of water pollution. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances.Effect of Water Pollution
1. Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it isthe leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of
more than 14,000 people daily.
2. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children
die of diarrhea sickness every day.
3. Some 90% of China’s cities suffer from some degree of water pollution, and nearly 500
million people lack access to safe drinking water.
4. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, industrialized
countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well.
Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater
pollution is not as easily classiffied as surface water pollution.
Inorganic water pollutants include:
1. Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially sulphur dioxide from power plants)
2. Ammonia from food processing waste
3. Chemical waste as industrial by-products
4. Fertilizers containing nutrients–nitrates and phosphates,which are found in storm water
run off from agriculture, as well as commercial and residential use.
5. Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urban storm water runo ) and acid mine drainage
6. Silt (sediment) in runo from construction sites, logging, slash and burn practices or land
clearing sites
7. Macroscopic pollution—large visible items polluting the water, may be termed “ oatables"
in an urban storm water context, or marine debris when found on the open seas, and can
include such items as:
8. Trash: (e.g. paper, plastic, or food waste) discarded by people on the ground, and that are
washed by rainfall into storm drains and eventually discharged into surface waters.
9. Nurdles: small ubiquitous waterborne plastic pellets.
10. Shipwrecks: large derelict ships.
Purification of water
Purification of water involves physical, biological, and chemical processes such as:
1. Filtration
2. Sedimentation
3. Chlorination
4. Slow sand Filters
5. Activated Sludge
6. Flocculation
• Filtration:
Filtration is a mechanical or physical operation that is used for the separation
of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the
fluid can pass.
• Sedimentation: Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension or molecules in
the solution to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a
wall.
• Chlorination -the process of adding the element chlorine to water as a
method of water purification to make it t for human consumption as drinking water. Water
which has been treated with chlorine is effective in preventing the spread of water-born
disease.
• Slow sand Filters- are used in water purification for treating raw water
to produce a potable product. They are typically 1 to 2 meters deep, can be rectangular or
cylindrical in cross-section, and are used primarily to treat surface water.
• Activated Sludge: Activated sludge is a process dealing with the treatment of sewage and
industrial wastewaters and developed around 1912-1914. Atmospheric air or pure oxygen is
introduced to a mixture of primary treated or screened sewage (or industrial wastewater)
combined with organisms to develop a biological or which reduces the organic content of
the sewage
• Flocculation: is, in the field of chemistry, a process where colloids come out
of suspension in the form. The action differs from precipitation in that,
prior to flocculation, colloids are merely suspended in a liquid and not actually dissolved in
a solution.
Farming solution: Choosing organic options can help to reduce the amount of water
pollution. These items are grown without the use of chemicals. Those chemicals, when
used, enter the water cycle. Organic products don’t introduce those chemicals to the
water cycle.
Soil contaminants are spilled onto the surface through many different activities. Most of these
are the result of accidents involving the vehicles that are transporting waste material from the site of origin to a disposal site.
Others involve accidents involving vehicles (automobiles, trucks, and airplanes) not transporting wastes, but carrying materials, including fuel, that when spilled contaminate the soil.
the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural, and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Most sources of marine pollution are land-based. The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural, wind-blown debris, and dust. Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algae growth.
There are five main kinds of marine pollution, namely:
1. Pollution from land-based sources, such as rivers, estuaries, pipelines, and outfall structures;
2. Pollution from the exploitation of the mineral resources of the sea-bed;
3. Pollution from ships, i.e. the disposal of wastes or other matter incidental to or derived
from the normal operations of ships;
4. Pollution by dumping, i.e. the deliberate disposal of wastes or other matter from ships,
aircraft, platforms, or other man-made structures at sea;
5. Pollution through the atmosphere.
Generally, there is much more noise in the urban areas because of the larger concentration of
population as well as industrial and other activities like transportation vehicular movements, etc.
Non-industrial sources of noise can come from public address systems for religious or political propaganda, recreation, hawkers, or other street noise. Noise can also arise from natural sources like thunder.
Noise as a potent menace can be evaluated in terms of a ‘noise level’ scale, or in decibels (dB). However, the health hazard is a matter of perceived noise level decibels (PDB), which according to the W.H.O.’s prescribed optimum noise level as 45 dB by day and 35 by night; and anything above 80 dB is hazardous.
noise pollution can be minimized only through rigorous law and conscious e orts of the law enforcement department.
• Sources of Noise Pollution— The indoor sources of Noise Pollution are loudly played
music stereos, radio, televisions, grinding machines, etc. The outdoor sources of Noise
Pollution commonly referred to as environmental noise comes from airplanes, machines,
trains, vehicles, industries, etc.
• Effect on Human Health— It may affect the mind, health, and behavior. It may cause
physical discomfort and temporary or permanent damage to hearing. It causes headaches
and irritability. Loudspeakers not only disturb the student in their studies but also the
peace of locality. It may cause deafness, stress, and high blood pressure.
• Effect on Animal Health— Animals suffer badly due to noise pollution. At times, it can
also lead to death. Noise has an impact on the living pattern of the animals and it may push
the rare species to extinction. Like humans, they also suffer from the temporary or permanent
disability of hearing.
The various causes of thermal pollution are as follows
1. Coal- red Power Plants—Some thermal power plants use coal as fuel. Coal-red power plants constitute the major source of thermal pollution.
2. Industrial Effiluents—Industries generating electricity require a large amount of Cooling
water for heat removal. Other industries like textile, paper, pulp, and sugar industry also release heat in water, but to a lesser extent.
5. Domestic Sewage— Domestic sewage is often discharged into rivers, lakes, canals or streams without waste treatment. The municipal water sewage normally has a higher
temperature than receiving water. With the increase in temperature of the receiving water, the dissolved oxygen content (DO) decreases and the demand of oxygen increases and anaerobic conditions occur.
of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the
fluid can pass.
• Sedimentation: Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension or molecules in
the solution to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a
wall.
• Chlorination -the process of adding the element chlorine to water as a
method of water purification to make it t for human consumption as drinking water. Water
which has been treated with chlorine is effective in preventing the spread of water-born
disease.
• Slow sand Filters- are used in water purification for treating raw water
to produce a potable product. They are typically 1 to 2 meters deep, can be rectangular or
cylindrical in cross-section, and are used primarily to treat surface water.
• Activated Sludge: Activated sludge is a process dealing with the treatment of sewage and
industrial wastewaters and developed around 1912-1914. Atmospheric air or pure oxygen is
introduced to a mixture of primary treated or screened sewage (or industrial wastewater)
combined with organisms to develop a biological or which reduces the organic content of
the sewage
• Flocculation: is, in the field of chemistry, a process where colloids come out
of suspension in the form. The action differs from precipitation in that,
prior to flocculation, colloids are merely suspended in a liquid and not actually dissolved in
a solution.
Farming solution: Choosing organic options can help to reduce the amount of water
pollution. These items are grown without the use of chemicals. Those chemicals, when
used, enter the water cycle. Organic products don’t introduce those chemicals to the
water cycle.
Soil Pollution-
The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, results in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endanger public health and the living environment.Soil contaminants are spilled onto the surface through many different activities. Most of these
are the result of accidents involving the vehicles that are transporting waste material from the site of origin to a disposal site.
Others involve accidents involving vehicles (automobiles, trucks, and airplanes) not transporting wastes, but carrying materials, including fuel, that when spilled contaminate the soil.
Marine Pollution
Marine pollution occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful, effects result from the entry intothe ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural, and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Most sources of marine pollution are land-based. The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural, wind-blown debris, and dust. Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algae growth.
There are five main kinds of marine pollution, namely:
1. Pollution from land-based sources, such as rivers, estuaries, pipelines, and outfall structures;
2. Pollution from the exploitation of the mineral resources of the sea-bed;
3. Pollution from ships, i.e. the disposal of wastes or other matter incidental to or derived
from the normal operations of ships;
4. Pollution by dumping, i.e. the deliberate disposal of wastes or other matter from ships,
aircraft, platforms, or other man-made structures at sea;
5. Pollution through the atmosphere.
Noise Pollution:-
Noise is “sound without value” or “any noise that is undesired by the recipient”. Thus, the kind of environmental impact of noise pollution is slightly different from other kinds of pollution.Generally, there is much more noise in the urban areas because of the larger concentration of
population as well as industrial and other activities like transportation vehicular movements, etc.
Non-industrial sources of noise can come from public address systems for religious or political propaganda, recreation, hawkers, or other street noise. Noise can also arise from natural sources like thunder.
Noise as a potent menace can be evaluated in terms of a ‘noise level’ scale, or in decibels (dB). However, the health hazard is a matter of perceived noise level decibels (PDB), which according to the W.H.O.’s prescribed optimum noise level as 45 dB by day and 35 by night; and anything above 80 dB is hazardous.
noise pollution can be minimized only through rigorous law and conscious e orts of the law enforcement department.
• Sources of Noise Pollution— The indoor sources of Noise Pollution are loudly played
music stereos, radio, televisions, grinding machines, etc. The outdoor sources of Noise
Pollution commonly referred to as environmental noise comes from airplanes, machines,
trains, vehicles, industries, etc.
• Effect on Human Health— It may affect the mind, health, and behavior. It may cause
physical discomfort and temporary or permanent damage to hearing. It causes headaches
and irritability. Loudspeakers not only disturb the student in their studies but also the
peace of locality. It may cause deafness, stress, and high blood pressure.
• Effect on Animal Health— Animals suffer badly due to noise pollution. At times, it can
also lead to death. Noise has an impact on the living pattern of the animals and it may push
the rare species to extinction. Like humans, they also suffer from the temporary or permanent
disability of hearing.
Thermal pollution:
An increase in the optimum water temperature by industrial processes (steel factories, electric powerhouses, and atomic power plants) may be called “Thermal Pollution." Many industries generate their own power and use water to cool their generator.The various causes of thermal pollution are as follows
1. Coal- red Power Plants—Some thermal power plants use coal as fuel. Coal-red power plants constitute the major source of thermal pollution.
2. Industrial Effiluents—Industries generating electricity require a large amount of Cooling
water for heat removal. Other industries like textile, paper, pulp, and sugar industry also release heat in water, but to a lesser extent.
Nuclear Power Plants—
Nuclear power plants emit a large amount of unutilized heat and traces of toxic radio nuclear into nearby water streams. Emissions from nuclear reactors and processing installations are also responsible for increasing the temperature of water bodies.
4. Hydro-Electric Power—The generation of hydro-electric power also results in negative thermal loading of water bodies.5. Domestic Sewage— Domestic sewage is often discharged into rivers, lakes, canals or streams without waste treatment. The municipal water sewage normally has a higher
temperature than receiving water. With the increase in temperature of the receiving water, the dissolved oxygen content (DO) decreases and the demand of oxygen increases and anaerobic conditions occur.
Control of Thermal Pollution
1. Cooling Ponds—Cooling ponds or reservoirs constitute the simplest method of controlling thermal discharges. Heated effluents on the surface of the water in cooling ponds maximize the dissipation of heat to the atmosphere and minimize the water area and volume. This is the simplest and cheapest method which cools the water to a considerably low temperature. However, the technique alone is less desirable and inefficient in terms of air-water contact.
2. Cooling Towers—Using water from water sources for cooling purposes, with subsequent return to the water body after passing through the condenser is termed the cooling process. In order to make the cooling process more effective, cooling towers are designed to control the temperature of the water. In fact, cooling towers are used to dissipate the recovered waste heat so as to eliminate the problems of thermal pollution.
3. Artificial Lake—Artificial lakes are man-made bodies of water that offer possible alternatives to once-through cooling. The heated effluents may be discharged into the lake at
one end and the water for cooling purposes may be withdrawn from the other end. The heat is eventually dissipated through evaporation.
These lakes have to be rejuvenated continuously. A number of methods have been suggested and developed for converting the thermal effluents from power plants into useful heat resources for maximizing the benefits.
Nuclear Explosions are very rapid and based on a rough estimate, in an explosion about 50% of the energy goes to the blast, 33 % as heat and the rest 17%or so to radioactivity.
The radioactive dust that falls to the earth after the atomic explosion is called radioactive fallout. The estimated percept dose to world population from the fallout of past nuclear explosions is 10 microsievert per year. Radioactive substances are among the most toxic substances known. Radium is 25,000 times more lethal than arsenic. The cell, which is the fundamental unit of life, is the primary site of radiation damage. If too many cells are damaged, the symptoms show up in the growing tissues as in the case of loss of hair, ulceration of the mouth, the reddening and hemorrhaging of the skin, and lowering of the blood count.
Air pollution is the addition of gases, chemicals, and particle matter into the atmosphere. Air pollution primarily comes from burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, petroleum, and coal.
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1. Cooling Ponds—Cooling ponds or reservoirs constitute the simplest method of controlling thermal discharges. Heated effluents on the surface of the water in cooling ponds maximize the dissipation of heat to the atmosphere and minimize the water area and volume. This is the simplest and cheapest method which cools the water to a considerably low temperature. However, the technique alone is less desirable and inefficient in terms of air-water contact.
2. Cooling Towers—Using water from water sources for cooling purposes, with subsequent return to the water body after passing through the condenser is termed the cooling process. In order to make the cooling process more effective, cooling towers are designed to control the temperature of the water. In fact, cooling towers are used to dissipate the recovered waste heat so as to eliminate the problems of thermal pollution.
3. Artificial Lake—Artificial lakes are man-made bodies of water that offer possible alternatives to once-through cooling. The heated effluents may be discharged into the lake at
one end and the water for cooling purposes may be withdrawn from the other end. The heat is eventually dissipated through evaporation.
These lakes have to be rejuvenated continuously. A number of methods have been suggested and developed for converting the thermal effluents from power plants into useful heat resources for maximizing the benefits.
Nuclear Explosions are very rapid and based on a rough estimate, in an explosion about 50% of the energy goes to the blast, 33 % as heat and the rest 17%or so to radioactivity.
The radioactive dust that falls to the earth after the atomic explosion is called radioactive fallout. The estimated percept dose to world population from the fallout of past nuclear explosions is 10 microsievert per year. Radioactive substances are among the most toxic substances known. Radium is 25,000 times more lethal than arsenic. The cell, which is the fundamental unit of life, is the primary site of radiation damage. If too many cells are damaged, the symptoms show up in the growing tissues as in the case of loss of hair, ulceration of the mouth, the reddening and hemorrhaging of the skin, and lowering of the blood count.
1. Somatic Effects—
These are the direct results of the action of radiation on the body cell and tissues. Uranium mineworkers, painters of radium dials, and Radiologists suffer most. These effects may be immediate or delayed. More evidence of the degree and kind of damage from radiation came from studies of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima survivors. If one survives the phase of radiation illness in the 50 to 500 rad. range, the other illnesses one is likely to become a victim are-cardiovascular disorder, cataract, leukemia, sterility, premature aging, and shortenings of life span.
2. Genetic Effects—There is another more serious type of effect of ionizing radiations, known as a genetic effect. This arises from the damage to the sex cells. If a sex cell is damaged and if that sex cell is one of the pairs that goes into the production of a fertilized ovum, it will give rise to an o spring with various kinds of major or minor physical defects.Air pollution is the addition of gases, chemicals, and particle matter into the atmosphere. Air pollution primarily comes from burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, petroleum, and coal.
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